Episodes

In this episode, Professor Gill Livingston and I explore dementia: what it is, why it develops, and what can be done to reduce risk and support people living with it. We discuss Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, amyloid plaques, tau tangles, cognitive reserve, and why diagnosis can be complex. Professor Livingston explains the major modifiable risk factors for dementia, including smoking, alcohol, hearing loss, vision loss, physical inactivity, social isolation, depression, air pollution, ...

In this episode, Professor Anthony Pagden and I explore empire, colonialism, nationalism, and the political history of Europe. We discuss what an empire is, why empires expand, and how colonialism and imperialism differ from one another. Professor Pagden explains how nationalism emerged from the decline of larger imperial structures, why political identities remain fragile, and how these questions continue to shape Cyprus today. We also examine whether the United States should be considered an e...

In this episode, Professor Karl Friston and I explore the free energy principle: what it is, why it matters, and how it connects to neuroscience, consciousness, evolution, and artificial intelligence. We discuss Markov blankets, self-organisation, prediction error, active inference, and why living systems can be understood as trying to minimise surprise. Professor Friston explains how action, perception, and prediction work together, using examples from cells, eye movements, reflexes, and roboti...

In this episode, Professor Steven Nadler and I explore the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza: his views on God, nature, free will, religion, and the good life. We discuss why Spinoza identified God with Nature, why this made him such a controversial figure, and whether he should be considered an atheist. Professor Nadler explains why Spinoza denied free will, yet still believed that human beings can become freer through reason and understanding. We also explore Spinoza’s account of happiness, virtue,...

In this episode, Prof. Reza Shadmehr and I discuss how the brain predicts the future and why prediction may be one of its most fundamental functions. We explore the cerebellum, its evolutionary origins, and its role in movement, learning, error correction, and social behaviour. Prof. Shadmehr explains how ideas from engineering, robotics, and optimal control theory have shaped modern neuroscience, and how concepts such as internal models, reinforcement learning, and dopamine help us understand t...

In this episode, Prof. David Poeppel and I discuss the Dual Stream Model of Language and how the brain processes speech. We explore the roles of the dorsal and ventral language pathways, the concept of efference copy, neural oscillations, and brain-stimulation techniques such as TMS. We also discuss neural sampling rates and neuroimaging methods such as EEG and MEG. Prof. Poeppel explains spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution, asymmetric oscillatory sampling, and how language processing may...

In this episode, Dr. Nolen Gertz and I discuss nihilism, technology, meaning, and the modern human condition. We explore the difference between passive and active nihilism, and how technology can make distraction and escapism easier, pushing us away from confronting reality and deeper questions of meaning. We also discuss Heidegger’s philosophy of technology, existentialism, AI, religion, and the search for meaning in an increasingly technological world.

In this episode, Gordon Guyatt & I discuss evidence-based medicine, a term and movement he helped create and develop. We explore what evidence-based medicine actually means, the hierarchy of evidence, randomised controlled trials, bias in research, and how evidence can be systematically summarised to improve clinical decision-making. We also discuss the origins and evolution of evidence-based medicine, communicating risks and benefits effectively to patients, making decisions consistent with pat...

In this episode, Prof. Allan Basbaum and I discuss the neuroscience of pain and humanity’s attempts to discover a drug beyond morphine that is effective but with minimal side effects. We talk about nociceptors, pain pathways, and different types of pain, alongside recent developments in drug design and emerging imaging technologies. We end the podcast with Prof. Allan’s advice for young aspiring scientists, including why research that appears less clinically relevant can still lead to major brea...

In this episode, Michael Eleftheriou and I explore how to achieve deep, genuine understanding and what it truly means to learn effectively beyond memorisation and mechanical procedure. We discuss Michael’s 4-step model for effective learning — order, structure, procedure, and depth — and why modern education often rewards shallow repetition instead of curiosity, creativity, and understanding.We explore the difference between mechanical and curiosity-based learning, the role teachers and human re...

In this episode, Dr. Stephen Hicks and I discuss postmodernism and its relationship to truth, meaning, and culture. We explore what postmodernism really is, its connection to nihilism, and how these ideas shape society from the top down and bottom up. We dive into poststructuralism, Jacques Derrida, and how writing styles reflect the philosophies they are trying to express. We also touch on impressionism and expressionism, before tackling the central question: is there objective truth? Finally, ...

In this episode, Prof. Keith Frankish and I discuss illusionism, a theory of consciousness that says we’re mistaken in thinking our experiences have special inner “what-it’s-like” qualities (qualia). We talk about philosophical zombies, artificial consciousness, and whether science can truly account for subjective experience. We also reflect on the idea of God, the future of education, and Prof. Frankish’s admiration for and relationship with Daniel Dennett.

In this episode, Kwame Anthony Appiah and I explore identity, race, and culture. Prof. Appiah shares his backstory, growing up in Ghana and eventually living in the UK and the US, and his journey from medicine to philosophy. We discuss the philosophy of language, social ontology, cosmopolitanism, cultural values, race, and nationality, and how to maintain cultural identity while respecting each other’s differences—ending with ideas on global citizenship and peaceful coexistence.

In this episode, Hakwan Lau shares his thoughts on the direction the field of consciousness studies is heading. We explore key neuroscience concepts such as blindsight, neural feedback, and information pathways, alongside core ideas like attention and perception, and why philosophy remains a useful tool for defining these terms. The conversation then turns to the growing issue of sensationalism in the field—why it happens and how we can encourage more rigorous scientific thinking. The episode cl...

In this episode, Professor Tim Maudlin explains the great rift in physics. He talks about the violation of Bell’s inequality and explains the historical development of general relativity and quantum physics. We explore the collapse of the wave function, non-locality versus locality, and deterministic and non-deterministic theories. He shares his thoughts on free will, compatibilism, string theory, and loop quantum gravity. We discuss the terms observer and measurement, and the notions of eternal...

Nikos Louka, recently a parliamentary candidate with Direct Democracy Cyprus, joins me to talk about learning, curiosity, and why the education system fails. We explore ideas around self-organization, evolution, trust in human nature, and how open-endedness fosters creativity and innovation. The conversation then moves into the history of the Gagauz people, where we explore ethnic identity, the intersection of language and culture, and how language shapes the way we understand the world. Later, ...

In this episode, Michael Graziano discusses what consciousness and subjective experience are, followed by his journey toward developing Attention Schema Theory. He explains how the brain builds schematic models, controls internal processes, and how attention evolved, also touching on ADHD and what traits make a being conscious. The conversation then moves to the evolution of consciousness, theory of mind, and whether animals or AI could be conscious or deserve rights. Later, they discuss artific...

In this episode, Dr. Laouris discusses the insights he has gained from systems science and how they apply to other fields such as politics, where he is currently a parliamentary candidate for Direct Democracy Cyprus. We also explore his interdisciplinary journey, the importance of balancing depth with breadth, and the value of trial and error and giving people responsibility. The conversation touches on social media, memes, and their potential role in direct democracy, before concluding with the...

In this episode, Professor Axel Cleeremans explains his radical plasticity thesis and talks about implicit learning. We explore how much of our knowledge is unconscious and automatic, and how consciousness may emerge through learning about our own mental processes. We also discuss the role of language, metarepresentation, and memory in developing higher levels of awareness. We consider whether consciousness increases over time, from newborns to adults, and compare human consciousness with AI. Fi...

In this episode, 22-year-old parliamentary candidate Ioannis Damianou explains a different form of governance—direct democracy. As a member of the new political party Direct Democracy Cyprus, he discusses how giving people direct influence over decisions could reshape modern politics, and why current systems often fail to represent those affected by them. We then move into education, where he challenges fixed curriculums and emphasises curiosity-based learning—learning how to utilise information...

In this conversation, Professor Barry Loewer discusses laws of nature, probability, and the Mentaculus. He explains the distinction between objective and subjective probability, examines the concept of chance, and engages with the work of David Lewis, and considers why the world exhibits patterns, introducing the Humean mosaic.He outlines the Mentaculus and its origins, and explains entropy and the past hypothesis in relation to the arrow of time and the emergence of structure. He also addresses...

This episode features a conversation with Professor Adrian Moore. We begin with Professor Moore’s background and a discussion of what philosophy and metaphysics are. The conversation then looks at the evolution of modern metaphysics and the distinction between analytic and non-analytic philosophy. We discuss Immanuel Kant and the limits of knowledge, followed by Kurt Gödel, his theorem, and the Goldbach conjecture, including some of the philosophical repercussions of Gödel’s work. The episode al...

In this episode, Genia Schoenbaumsfeld explains the Ethics of Doubt project, which studies the relationship between skepticism and virtue epistemology. We explore how doubt functions in belief formation, including Søren Kierkegaard’s idea that doubt arises from anxiety, and discuss Ludwig Wittgenstein’s ideas such as picture theory and language games. We also talk about intellectual courage and curiosity as virtues that help protect us from misinformation.

The podcast explores consciousness through Integrated Information Theory (IIT) and Dr. Barrett’s view that science can support a form of spirituality. Dr Barrett explains the notion of eternalism, the idea that past, present, and future all equally exist, and discusses how these ideas relate to meditation, death, illusionism, panpsychism, and broader questions about the nature of the universe and consciousness.